Which type of photograph has the displacement caused by tilt and relief removed?

The correct choice, which is the orthophoto, represents an aerial photograph that has undergone geometric corrections to remove the displacement caused by tilt and relief. This type of photograph is corrected so that it accurately represents the Earth's surface in true orthographic views. As a result, orthophotos maintain consistent scale, making them particularly useful for mapping and spatial analysis, as measurements taken from them can be considered more precise than those from uncorrected aerial images.

This geometric correction is vital for applications such as land use planning, construction, and various geospatial analyses where accurate representations of the terrain are necessary. In contrast, vertical photographs are taken from directly above a subject but still contain displacements that can affect measurement accuracy. Other options like radial line and principal point do not specifically address the removal of tilt and relief, focusing instead on different aspects of photography and geospatial analysis.