What method measures the distance between a GPS satellite and receiver, based on a correlation of codes?

The correct method that measures the distance between a GPS satellite and a receiver based on the correlation of codes is the Pseudo Range Measurement. This technique relies on the principle of comparing the transmitted signal's time-stamped code with a locally generated code at the receiver. The difference in the time delay, which is a function of the distance that the signal has traveled, allows for the calculation of the range between the satellite and the receiver.

In GPS systems, each satellite transmits signals containing unique pseudorandom noise (PRN) codes. When a receiver picks up these signals, it attempts to match the received codes with its own generated codes to determine the satellite's position relative to the receiver. The time difference calculated from this correlation translates into a distance measurement, referred to as "pseudo range" because various errors and uncertainties, such as atmospheric delays and clock inaccuracies, can affect the measurement.

This concept is foundational to GPS positioning and underscores how satellite navigation systems operate, distinguishing it from direct range measurements that might entail other methods of calculation without the correlation of coded signals.