What is firmware?

Firmware is permanently programmed software that resides in read-only memory (ROM). This type of software is specifically designed to control and manage the hardware components of a device. It acts as the interface between the hardware and higher-level software. Firmware is critical because it provides the low-level instructions that the hardware needs to function correctly, such as the basic operations of a computer system, embedded systems, or any digital device.

In contrast, volatile memory refers to temporary storage that loses its contents when powered off, while a program on a hard drive involves more traditional software that is modifiable and runs on top of an operating system. Application software is typically intended for end-users, facilitating tasks such as word processing or web browsing, and is different from the foundational control and management role that firmware plays.